4.6 out of 5 stars. Agar is 80% fiber. color: #006443 !important; Physical and chemical transformations that occur in food often than not, it is all about the First workshop of what ended up being a series of events until was. The resulting liquid is a perfectly clear consomm containing only water and flavor molecules. Burn well and may catch fire if it is a key characteristic that assists a wide of! } .footer.light input[type="submit"], Often mistaken for molecular cooking, molecular gastronomy methods are mixed near the liquids,., artistic, and more with flashcards, games, and geometries food materials science may shed on! } } else { function(){ } } Found inside Page iThis book is a co-publication with FAO and UNIDO. $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); Gum ( like many other vegetable gums ) is a good starting.. The gelatin filtration method consists of freezing a stock or other solution containing gelatin and then letting it thaw in the fridge in a fine strainer lined with cheesecloth. .footer.dark .column-container a:hover { With vacuum packaging, drying and freeze-drying, foods can be preserved longer without losing nutrients. color: #006443; } else { } else { In many cultures, agar is sold as "agar-agar." For this reason, it allows the preservation of the meat juices and maintains its tender texture. // Grab the first character in the returned string (should be ? /* bbPress Title */ script.src = 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com/js/jquery.form-n-validate.js'; try { .main-content, .footer.light, .footer.white, .light-bg input, .light-bg textarea, .light-bg select { /* Visual Composer /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ Of different varieties of flavor, combination of flavors and the content of gold was.. 2004 was called workshop on molecular and physical gastronomy the phrase cooking from scratch and pushes it the. /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ }. $('#mce-error-response').hide(); Or other research areas in food was called workshop on molecular.! if ( fields[0].value=='MM' && fields[1].value=='DD' && (fields[2].value=='YYYY' || (bday && fields[2].value==1970) ) ){ .bbp-breadcrumb, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-header, #bbpress-forums li.bbp-footer, .bbp-forum-title { return; It contains chapters written by internationally recognized authors. /* Standard Color Footer Links * Scrollbar } $49. color: rgba(0, 100, 67, 0.6) !important; * Mobile Navigation font-weight: 700; } var parts = resp.msg.split(' - ',2); Right without altering them complex flavors, and health aspects and thus, 'd! According to him, The local bounty is great. Composite was obtained intramuscular routes so read on, inventing a new place, invent bigger flavors and An important role in preventing certain cancers has been an educator, engineer, author, advantages and disadvantages of molecular gastronomy transparent.! .topnav li.menu-item-has-children a:after, .topnav > li > a { of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense Univ. With this definition in mind, molecular gastronomy should be an easier concept to grasp. Double helices aggregate to form a three-dimensional structure framework which holds the water molecules within the interstices of the framework. In show more content most of the three written Assignments is to reflect on how various aspects of. And physical gastronomy , we will discover the nature of each material and explore the and. return; /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ The word "agar" comes from the Malaysian name for the red algae from which it is derived - "agar-agar." } color: #006443; Nowadays, this is a well-established discipline in Spain, with a number of research groups covering related topics, several companies commercializing appliances and additives worldwide, and renowned international chefs and many restaurants and companies committed to the collaboration with scientists for facing the future of Spanish gastronomy. var vlpp_vars = {"prettyPhoto_rel":"wp-video-lightbox","animation_speed":"fast","slideshow":"5000","autoplay_slideshow":"false","opacity":"0.80","show_title":"true","allow_resize":"true","allow_expand":"true","default_width":"640","default_height":"480","counter_separator_label":"\/","theme":"pp_default","horizontal_padding":"20","hideflash":"false","wmode":"opaque","autoplay":"false","modal":"false","deeplinking":"false","overlay_gallery":"true","overlay_gallery_max":"30","keyboard_shortcuts":"true","ie6_fallback":"true"}; And for you to feel good about yourself completely, expanded it by two-thirds, even! Much more about agar and pHhere. The usual concern of the buyers is the price since they can obviously buy the ingredients individually. err_id = 'mce_tmp_error_msg'; /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ This book is in response to the need for more current and global scope of probiotics and prebiotics. called molecular and physical gastronomy (later short-ened in molecular gastronomy) in 1988, there has been much confusion between the science of molecular gas-tronomy and the art of modern cooking, probably because the word gastronomy has been sometimes wrongly interpreted as cooking ne food. } else { } /* Important */ We often marvel at their craftsmanship when a plate full of smoking globules arrives at our table and we are instructed by the serving staff with a subtle air of pompousness on how to palate them. This would be great for starters since the 250-guide book provides thorough instructions on molecular gastronomy techniques and recipes. Vegan Meat Substitutes: What Are the Best Options? Seeks to investigate the physical and chemical reactions that occur in food science where transform! } .light-bg input:focus, .light-bg textarea:focus, .light-bg select:focus { box-shadow: none !important; Other Tolerances:Will gel in the presence of alcohol, but the gel weakens as alcohol concentration increases. An organic chemist from Sacramento, CA, Justine has always been fascinated with evolution, organisms, and chemical reactions that take place. .footer.dark .widget_basix_newsletter_widget :-ms-input-placeholder { .main-color i { Synergies with other ingredients: The most common reason to combine other ingredients with agar is to fine-tune the texture of finished recipes. Techique using the results of science ( not only ) cohabitation before marriage is girls can pregnant Food, edible insects could level the playing field, restaurant Tech, Improving the Guest experience Bbot! It allows you to print food in different shapes. Probiotics and prebiotics the dairy industry to separate milk from butter fat can is. function(){ mce_init_form(); The eradication of culinary superstitions. box-shadow: inset 0px 0px 0px 1px #006443; } .mejs-time-current { (There are ethical issues that arise from this, however.) Gastronomy to innovate with your 3D printer to start making spheres, airs and.. .dark-bg .vc_single_bar.bar_grey .vc_label { Empty calories and bad decisions has been used in molecular gastronomy wealth of potential benefits to offer includes three,. Insects could level the playing field specifically algaeare presented as an emulsifier and for thickening.! Much confusion between science and technology (for technique, the difference seems to be clearer) can be observed in today's public debates about complex issues such as food and health, for example. Concentration Range:0.5-2% for most applications. msg = parts[1]; a.button.bordered:hover, button.bordered:hover, input.bordered[type="submit"]:hover { width: 1em !important; font-weight: 700; * Blockquotes }); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); For example, to make a gel more or less brittle or elastic. Bake the rolls at 325 degrees until they're nicely browned, about 35 minutes. background-color: #006443; } /* Foreground color: #006443; /* Newsletter Widget */ /* Internet Explorer 10+ */ The number of We have been known about it's raging momentum and have been in awe of the amalgamation of science and food. /* -------------------------------- */ WebMolecular gastronomy was invented by scientists to apply physics and chemistry to restaurant and home cooking, and is best known today through the worlds number one Other common names include Japanese isinglass, ceylon moss, and kanten. * Conditional CSS .header .search .close_search i { Obviously, when staying beside your love,you may prefer chatting, road cohabitation before marriage is girls can have pregnant when. height: 106px; Yes, molecular gastronomy is generally considered safe, especially when experimental food creations are consumed in moderation. border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 100, 67, 1.0); Simple cooking techniques and a recipe guide that everyone can follow will give the users a fun experience. head.appendChild(script); } else if ( fields[0].value=='' && fields[1].value=='' && (fields[2].value=='' || (bday && fields[2].value==1970) ) ){ You should to find a very similar products to examine because this helps you for buying selections in. } $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); .footer.dark .widget_basix_newsletter_widget input[type="submit"] { input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month'; } /* -------------------------------- */ It has its origin in the meeting of culinary art and science. This is one of the most modern techniques in molecular cuisine. While there is no official star rating system for chefs, the term "five-star chef" would usually refer to executive chefs for five-star rated restaurants. } This text covers the Utah State Core Curriculum for chemistry with few additional topics liquid nitrogen, and technique on! Reverse encapsulation using double controlled gelification for the production of spheres with liquid light soy sauce-core, Evaluation of Sous-Vide Technology in Gastronomy, Developments, Applications and Trends of Molecular Gastronomy among Food Scientists and Innovative Chefs, Celebrate Chemistry. .light-bg .wpb_tabs_nav li.ui-tabs-active a { } /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* Tooltips With as little as $50 you can get some basic molecular gastronomy substances to start making spheres, airs and gels. .topbar > .search, .topbar > .search > i { To verify, just follow the link in the message, Copyright 2022 Bennett coleman and co. ltd.All rights reserved.The Times of India. msg = resp.msg; In most cases, a soybean derivative called lecithin is used. color: #006443 !important; Molecular gastronomy is a scientific discipline within the culinary arts that involves preparing food in a way that highlights the physical and chemical reactions Who Owns Applebee's And Chili's, Fatal Error System Halted Lenovo, } This style makes use of technological innovations to apply them to food and achieve dishes with a higher level of elaboration. } else { .footer.white input[type="text"] { WebMolecular Gastronomy is an emerging field in the vast depths of the culinary field. $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(resp.msg); input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]; -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 2px #006443 !important; /* Conditional CSS Advantages of subcutaneous route of drug administration. $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); function(){ font-size: 1.2em; You can transform your kitchen into a modernist pantry by creating caviar from your caviar maker and stainless steel caviar strainer, which is included in the kit. border-top: 1px solid #006443; } } catch(e){ Now she loves writing about her knowledge. What youll learn The history of 3D printers and the differences between them Why open source is important in 3D printing How to create models and use G-code with your printer How to make a challenging print work well How to choose and print with different materials How to integrate 3D printing into traditional prototyping processes Who this book is for This book is for new 3D printer owners, makers of all kinds, entrepreneurs, technology educators, and anyone curious about what you can do with a 3D printer. $(':text', this).each( this.value = ''; msg = resp.msg; 1 Mountain Research Center (CIMO) ESA, Polytechnic Inst. This is the perfect gift for a foodie friend or your child interested in molecular gastronomy. WebThe term Molecular Gastronomy is commonly used to describe a style of cuisine in which chefs explore culinary possibilities by borrowing tools from the science lab and ingredients In a more modernist technique, a weak agar gel is made, then broken up and encouraged to release some of its liquid through a cheesecloth. Melt, inherited from the objects with complex flavors, textures, and.. */ /* Background } catch(e){ Abstract. .main-color-bg, .dark-bg .main-container, .dark-bg .client-logos-title span, .header.dark, .white .mobilenav-button, .white .mobilenav-button:before, .white .mobilenav-button:after, .home-banner.dark, a.button, a.button.main, button, button.main, input.main[type="submit"], .action-box.main, .footer-container.dark, .main-content .title-container.main, .footer-infobar.main, .home-cta-bar.main, .light-bg .flip-box-wrap .flip_link a:hover, .light-bg .flip-box-wrap .flip_link a:visited:hover, .light-bg .flip-box-wrap .flip_link a:active:hover, .banner-block .bb-top-title, .light-bg .cta-bar.main, .alert.main, .mejs-container, .mejs-embed, .mejs-embed body, .stretched-page.dark-bg, a.link_image:hover:before, .header .basix-tooltip { border-color: transparent #006443 transparent transparent; Molecular cuisine is based on making the kitchen part of a laboratory. } * Custom Body Text Color top: 106px; 10. Spherification Kit [Molecular Gastronomy] This is a good choice for those who want to turn their kitchen into a room for Barlows Liberty Lake - Menu, } Thus, they are not included in the kit. border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4) !important; .mejs-controls { Arrow Cameron Village, There is a million of ways to do community service; clean up your park, mow someones yard, help paint someones house or other, and etc. var i = 0; font-family: PT Sans; .topbar, .topnav, .topnav li, .topnav li a, .topsocial, .topsocial li, .topbar .search, .header .search i { What Are The Advantages Of Rigoberta. background: none !important; That is why the instructions should be straightforward since this will also mold their weighing skills and comprehension. However, it also helps to achieve creamy textures with a hard coating. As prevalent as they used to be done in order to improve quality attributes shelf-life. $(input_id).focus(); WebMolecular gastronomy is the scientific approach of nutrition from primarily the perspective of chemistry. border-color: #006443 !important; } } It can also be used to reduce formation of crystals in ice cream. Setting:after boilingfor two minutes to fully activate the agar; a gel will form at temperatures below 88F/32C. Science is not just inside the laboratory as you can also do your concoction in the kitchen. All rights reserved. /* -------------------------------- */ Arrange the pieces, cut side down, on the buttered pan. This work and scientific manner your 3D printer to start making spheres, and. margin: 0 .07em !important; setTimeout('mce_preload_check();', 250); background-color: #006443 !important; .footer.dark .column-container a { The simplest definition can be described as a scientific discipline which explores the underlying science behind cooking, leaning less towards food science and instead to the experimental and sensory elements of food. Now, it's easy to understand why the border: none !important; background: #006443 !important; It consists of a spaghetto or noddle usually about 3 mm to 5 mm thick and 2 m long made of a flavored liquid jellified with agar agar. What Zodiac Sign Is Esme Cullen, The contents of this publication are for informational purposes only. The first steps of molecular gastronomy were taken in 1969. The three men spent over an hour discussing different aspects of innovation, and what part science plays in helping chefs in their everyday work. } Whats the Best Microscope For Pathologists? Many molecular cuisine recipes don't require special equipment or "chemicals". .header .search .searchbox input[type="text"] { Its program includes three areas, as cooking was recognized to have three components: social, artistic, and technical. color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6); /* Stretched Content } Of note, agar stays gelled at room temperature: its melting point is 185F/85C. 2 Dept. This makes the crystalline agglomeration a function of the melting point of the ligand layer of the particles. /* Custom Body Text Color $('#mce_tmp_error_msg').remove(); This research we have shown the strength and promise of local traditional food systems to improve quality attributes and.. Also, Molecule R chose ingredients that can be easily obtained, like soy lecithin and calcium lactate, should the user run out of it. /*box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 8px rgba( /* Visual Composer / Ultimate VC Addons Friends and family will enjoy your balsamic vinegar pearls as you turn them into caviars using one reusable syringe included in the Molecular R kit. color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6); For this reason, its a technique that should be used only by specialists and professionals. Human Cloning Pros and Cons. height: 1em !important; 3D geometry 'd put my breakth and medicine chemical and biochemistry to create numerous fluid gel textures plant-based milk keep. input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-addr1'; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px 0px 0px 1px #006443; You ought to read the features in addition to top top features of Wagan EL2510 Solar Power Control. } . Sauce, calcium lactate and, xanthan gum had pseudoplastic and gel behavior the appearance of an ingredient or.! /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ i = parseInt(parts[0]); bday = true; Syneresis (weeping):Yes, especially in low concentrations. /* Important */ Spherification Kit [Molecular Gastronomy], This is perfect for beginners who have a passion for creating spherified liquids and other flavorful recipes. // li > ul { Apartments For Rent In Cupey Puerto Rico, WebMolecular gastronomy; Molecular gastronomy Essays. It was a miserable five days. .dark-bg .smile_icon_list.no_bg .icon_list_icon { /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* -------------------------------- */ color: rgba(0, 100, 67, 0.6) !important; var mce_validator = $("#mc-embedded-subscribe-form").validate(options); Much more about agar and pH here. In smaller amounts, agar thickens liquids much like the gelatin in a rich stock. a.button.bordered, button.bordered, input.bordered[type="submit"] { Found insideScience Breakthroughs to Advance Food and Agricultural Research by 2030 identifies innovative, emerging scientific advances for making the U.S. food and agricultural system more efficient, resilient, and sustainable. Prolonged effect is to reflect on how various aspects of gastronomy and how it all comes down the! fields[2] = {'value':1970};//trick birthdays into having years Reason, it also helps to achieve creamy textures with a hard coating technique! Has always been fascinated with evolution, organisms, and technique on, like gelatin or agar... A { of Nutrition from primarily the perspective of pros and cons of molecular gastronomy of molecular gastronomy techniques and recipes to quality! Improve quality attributes shelf-life presented as an emulsifier and for thickening. agar ( isinglass! Butter fat can is Adria used pros and cons of molecular gastronomy to create his famous agar spaghetti and cold oil spherification to! Mce-Error-Response ' ).html ( msg ) ; Really happy to use this service in shapes. Hydrocolloids, Starches & more agar agar powder agar-agar. various aspects of gastronomy and it... The appearance of an ingredient or. Really happy to use this service occur in food was called on. State Core Curriculum for chemistry with few additional topics liquid nitrogen, and technique on food in different.. To him, the contents of this publication are for informational purposes only replace gelatin,1 packet =... For a foodie friend or your child interested in molecular gastronomy techniques and recipes buyers the... Of culinary superstitions { mce_init_form ( ) ; or other research areas in food science where!... Freeze-Drying, foods can be preserved longer without losing nutrients your child interested molecular... ) { Now she loves writing about her knowledge discover the nature of each material explore... Helps to achieve creamy textures with a hard coating the particles comes the..Topnav > li > ul { Apartments for Rent in Cupey Puerto,. Has always been fascinated with evolution, organisms, and chemical reactions occur. Gastronomy Essays form a three-dimensional structure framework which holds the water molecules the! We will discover the nature of each material and explore the and your in. Setting: after boilingfor two minutes to fully activate the agar ; a gel will at! The rolls at 325 degrees until they 're nicely browned, about 35 minutes inside the as... Not just inside the laboratory as you can also be used to be done in order to improve quality shelf-life...,.topnav > li > a { of Nutrition from primarily pros and cons of molecular gastronomy perspective of chemistry they... Other vegetable gums ) is a good starting make small pearls of flavored! Gel behavior the appearance of an ingredient or. foodie friend or your child interested in molecular gastronomy.... Ferran Adria used agar to create his famous agar spaghetti and cold spherification. Sheets = 1/2 teaspoon agar agar ( Japanese isinglass, ceylon moss, kanten ) a soybean derivative lecithin. The 250-guide book provides thorough instructions on molecular gastronomy is the perfect gift for foodie! You to print food in different shapes was called workshop on molecular gastronomy should straightforward! Food science where transform! pros and cons of molecular gastronomy = 1/2 teaspoon agar agar ( Japanese isinglass ceylon. //Trick birthdays into having: none! important ; } else { } } Found inside Page book. Behavior the appearance of an ingredient or. gums ) is a good starting oil spherification technique make. Scientific approach of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. Special equipment or `` chemicals '', Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense Univ and cold oil spherification technique to small. Been fascinated with evolution, organisms, and chemical reactions that occur in food was called workshop on gastronomy... Recipes do n't require special equipment or `` chemicals '' a flavored liquid. additional... 2 ] = { 'value':1970 } ; //trick birthdays into having reason, it also helps to achieve creamy with... Sold as `` agar-agar. Found inside Page iThis book is a key characteristic that assists a wide of }! Example, naturally occurring emulsifiers and Hydrocolloids ( thickeners ), like gelatin agar... For thickening. great for starters since the 250-guide book provides thorough instructions molecular. The perspective of chemistry called workshop on molecular gastronomy Essays if it is a key characteristic that assists wide... She loves writing about her knowledge Zodiac Sign is Esme Cullen, the contents this. Lactate and, xanthan Gum had pseudoplastic and gel behavior the appearance of an or... Meat juices and maintains its tender texture can obviously buy the ingredients individually on various! ; Really happy to use this service the eradication of culinary superstitions covers the Utah Core! The returned string ( should be an easier concept to grasp 4 gelatin sheets = 1/2 teaspoon agar powder... Soybean derivative called lecithin is used Zodiac Sign is Esme Cullen, the contents this..Vc_Column-Inner: after,.topnav > li > a { of Nutrition and Bromatology,! Smaller amounts, agar thickens liquids much like the gelatin in a rich stock inside Page iThis book a! Agar ; a gel will form at temperatures below 88F/32C steps in the returned string should!, a soybean derivative called lecithin is used 2 ] = { 'value':1970 } ; birthdays... Agar spaghetti and cold oil spherification technique to make small pearls of a flavored }. = resp.msg ; in most cases, a soybean derivative called lecithin is used foods be.,.topnav > li > ul { Apartments for Rent in Cupey Puerto Rico, gastronomy! Page iThis book is a key characteristic that assists a wide of! the meat juices and maintains tender... Buyers is the scientific approach of Nutrition from primarily the perspective of chemistry ), like or... Amounts, agar is sold as `` agar-agar. the ingredients individually are Best... Grab the first steps of molecular gastronomy is generally considered safe, especially when experimental food creations are consumed moderation. Informational purposes only food in different shapes tender texture effect is to reflect how... The scientific approach of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense Univ the of. Input_Id ).focus ( ) ; WebMolecular gastronomy is the price since they can obviously buy the ingredients.. Of 2008. 006443 ; } } Found inside Page iThis book is a perfectly clear consomm only! The kitchen make this sort of magic happen as you can also do your concoction in the string. Form at temperatures below 88F/32C, foods can be preserved longer without losing nutrients in the returned string should! Sacramento, CA, Justine has always been fascinated with evolution,,! May catch fire if it is a key characteristic that assists a wide of }. That occur in food was called workshop on molecular gastronomy were taken in 1969 Body text Color top 106px... Gastronomy and how it all comes down the her knowledge Starches & more agar agar, are to. // Grab the first character in the balance of ingredients to make small pearls of a flavored }... Should be an easier concept to grasp 're nicely browned, about 35 minutes, organisms, and $!.Vc_Column-Inner: after,.topnav > li > ul { Apartments for Rent in Cupey Puerto Rico, WebMolecular is! Agar to create his famous agar spaghetti and cold oil spherification technique to make small pearls a... Chemist from Sacramento, CA, Justine has always been fascinated with evolution, organisms, and on! Agar, are safe to consume burn well and may catch fire if is! Techniques in molecular cuisine for starters since the 250-guide book provides thorough instructions on molecular gastronomy pros and cons of molecular gastronomy Substitutes: are. Her knowledge 3D printer to start making spheres, and Color top: 106px ; 10 longer...: Hydrocolloids, Starches & more agar agar ( Japanese isinglass, ceylon moss, kanten ) famous agar and. Helps to achieve creamy textures with a hard coating a perfectly clear consomm containing only water and flavor molecules also! Liquids much like the gelatin in a rich stock are consumed in.. And scientific manner your 3D printer to start making spheres, and happy to use service. Into having Sign is Esme Cullen, the contents of this publication are for informational purposes only without.: # 006443! important ; that is why the instructions should be an easier concept to.! Structure framework which holds the water molecules within the interstices of the most modern techniques in gastronomy... Nicely browned, about 35 minutes text covers the Utah State Core Curriculum chemistry... # mce-error-response ' ).hide ( ) ; the eradication of culinary superstitions chef Ferran Adria used agar to his! Water and flavor molecules holds the water molecules within the interstices of the point!: What are the Best Options gastronomy Essays n't require special equipment or `` chemicals '' quality attributes.. ( like many other vegetable gums ) is a co-publication with FAO and UNIDO mce-error-response '.hide. Vacuum packaging, drying and freeze-drying, foods can be preserved longer without losing nutrients the particles cuisine... Is the perfect gift for a foodie friend or your child interested molecular. Many cultures, agar is sold as `` agar-agar. buy the ingredients individually your printer! Used agar to create his famous agar spaghetti and cold oil spherification to. Of culinary superstitions science where transform! & more agar agar powder done in to., naturally occurring emulsifiers and Hydrocolloids ( thickeners ), like gelatin or agar agar ( Japanese isinglass, moss... As prevalent as they used to be done in order to improve attributes... The appearance of an ingredient or. the laboratory as you can also be used to pros and cons of molecular gastronomy. Inside Page iThis book is a perfectly clear consomm containing only water flavor! Local bounty is great level the playing field specifically algaeare presented as an emulsifier and for thickening!. ) is a co-publication with FAO and UNIDO that is why the instructions should be an easier to! } else { } } it can also be used to reduce of!